ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช / ื’ื™ ื“ื” ืžื•ืคืกืืŸ – ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืงืฆืจ

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช: ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช / ื’ื™ ื“ื” ืžื•ืคืกืืŸ

ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช" ืฉืœ ื’ื™ ื“ื” ืžื•ืคืกืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื•ืื ื˜ื” โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื ืžืกืจ ืœืงื•ืจื ืžื™ื“ืข ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.

ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช" ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืœื•ื•ืื–ืœ. ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™, ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืื™ืฉื” ื™ืคื”, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื” ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ืฉืจ. ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื ื™ื. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœื•ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขืฆืžื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ื ื”ื ื” ืžืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ, ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืขืงืžืช ืืช ืืคื”, ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื”. ืœืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืฉืจืชืช ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ื”ื‘, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืชืคืงืช ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ื–ืืช. ืงืฉื” ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื”.

"ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช" ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืžื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืžืžืขืžื“ ืœืžืขืžื“. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื•- ื’ื•ืจืœื• ื ื’ื–ืจ. ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ืžื“ืŸ, ื•ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืื”ื‘ืช ืืžืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื•.

ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื”

ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื’ื•ืœื” โ€“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืจืขื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื—ืžื“ื ื™ืช, ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืชื ืฉืืช ืžืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืžืขืžื“ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื›ืืช, ืื•ืžืœืœื” ื•ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืฉื™ื’ ื–ื•ื’ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืœื ืฉืฃ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืชื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช, ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ื ืืœืฆืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช, ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœื ืจืง ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืขืžื“ื™ืช โ€“ ืื ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืžืฉืจืชืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื” ืืœื ื”ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืœื‘ื“; ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื’ื’ ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื. ืืš ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื ืฉืืช, ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืœืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ืจืง ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื ืฉืฃ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจืช ืคื•ืจืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืกืคืจืช ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืขืœ "ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง" ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”.

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืžื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื–ื•ื™ืคืช:

  1. ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืžืฉืื™ืœื” ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
  2. ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื›ืื™ืœื•" ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
  3. ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืชื’ืฉืžื•.
  4. ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžื˜ื™ืœื“ื” ืืœ ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืฉืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื”, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืœื.

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช.

ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ ื“ื” ืžื•ืคืืกืืŸ:

ื”ืขืœืžื” ืคืจืœ \ ื’ื™ ื“ื” ืžื•ืคืืกืืŸ

ื“ื•ื“ ื–'ื™ืœ \ ื’ื™ ื“ื” ืžื•ืคืืกืืŸ

ืžืชื•ืš:ย ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืชย –ย ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจ

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจืช:

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช – ืžื” ื–ื” ื•ืœืžื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืš ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ื”?

"ืืœ ืชืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื’ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘": ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืงื•ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืง ื–ืืคื”

ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš: ื”ืื ืืชื” ื—ืœืง ืž-"ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจ"?

ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจ, ืื• ื”-"ืคืจื™ืงืจื™ืื˜", ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™-ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื”ืื ื–ื” ื’ื ืืชื?

ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ: ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•

ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืฉืœืžื“ ืžืžื ื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”?

ืœืืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ? ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื

ืขืœ ืžืœื›ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ (ืื• ืฉืžื ืจืง ืขื•ืฉืจ?)

ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืœืื•ืฉืจ

ืžื” ืื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืืœืคื™ ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืฉืชืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื•ืฉืจ?

ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช?

ืื™ืš ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-15 ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19? ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ